Electronic Charting Of The Emergency Room - 1089 Words

Electronic Charting in the Emergency Room According to Fort Belvoir Community Hospital Emergency Department head COL Timothy Barron, M.D., the FBCH emergency department sees 52,000 patients per year. This makes it the busiest emergency room in the Defense Health Agency and the 5th busiest in the Department of Defense (T. Barron, personal communication, May 12, 2016). Despite this high flow of patients, the emergency department continues to use paper charting. This increases the risk of error in documenting, ordering and time wasted tracking down the chart delaying patient care. The Fort Belvoir Community Hospital emergency department should move away from the outdated paper charting system to an electronic charting system since many other hospitals as well as departments within FBCH currently use this electronic system; it would save time for patients and providers, and allow for better tracking of care for patients. The biggest concern the FBCH emergency department faces while using paper charting is the errors made due to sloppy hand writing, failure to document procedures in a timely manner, and miscommunicated orders. During an emergency situation, providers often rush when writing orders and most doctors have chicken scratch for handwriting as it is without the added pressure of being pressed for time. When nursing staff cannot read an order or misread an order it can cause the patient undo harm. One such case happened in the FBCH emergency room when a nurse at firstShow MoreRelatedPost Anesthesia Care Unit On Nursing Class Of 2017 For Observation1081 Words   |  5 Pagesthan a PACU nurse. The post-anesthesia care unit is next to the operation room and pre-operative patient waiting area. This area has an open floor plan that allows easy communication with other health care members (CNA, Nurse, Doctor, Anesthesiology, Radiography) and visually see patient while getting their medication or a drink. They were 8 different stations in the PACU unit. Each station has equipment for any emergency that could happen in this area. The equipment included a monitor, suctionRead MoreDocumentation Of An Accurate Medical Record928 Words   |  4 Pages(Okaisu, Kalikwani, Wanyana, Coetzee, 2014, p. 1). The importance of documentation is not lost on any RN, but continuity in what is recorded and what is absolutely necessary to have in a patient’s record is not always met. Case management in the emergency department, constantly works to find the right data in a patient’s record to ensure that they have the correct insurance coverage and can be admitted or discharged at the appropriate time and place. Even when the smallest amount of essential informationRead MoreWith An Ever-Changing World, It Is Important To Predict1284 Words   |  6 Pagesis healthcare’s main concern. This paper analyzes the benefits and risks of paper vs. electronic vs. RFID charting. While paper charting in facilities are becoming obsolete, the alternatives still pose a risk for the provider and patient. Paper charting was once the first and only form of charting available in the healthcare system. With all of the advancements in technology, it is a wonder how paper charting is still around today. The answer is clear. It is fast, easy, simple, universal, littleRead MoreFinancial Information On Electronic Charting993 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Information Healthcare’s transition to electronic charting has been years in the making and there is no shortage of electronic health record (EHR) vendors. According to HealthIT.gov (2015), as of March 2015, there are roughly 605 vendors that provide EHR services as noted by Meaningful Use attestation. The largest share of providers and hospital organizations use Epic for their electronic charting needs. Roughly 109,309 eligible professionals and hospitals used Epic for Meaningful Use attestationRead MoreEssay National Ehr Mandate1248 Words   |  5 PagesNational EHR Mandate Heidi Babcock-Marvin Ohio University National EHR Mandate An electronic health record (EHR) defines as the permissible patient record created in hospitals that serve as the data source for all health records. It is an electronic version of a paper chart that includes the patient’s medical history, maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant to that persons care. Information that is readily available includesRead MoreMckesson2350 Words   |  10 Pagesmistakes and a low cost overhead. McKesson is the nation’s leading health care IT Company that has the capability to install software as well as hardware and has done so in 70% of the nation’s hospitals. McKesson’s software helps all clinicians in charting and treating their patients in a quick and easy manor. McKesson is one of America’s oldest and largest health care companies. McKesson wants to bring together clinical knowledge and technology to create a better work environment through qua lityRead MoreNational Electronic Health Records1260 Words   |  6 PagesNational Electronic Health Records Angela Harvey Ohio University National Electronic Health Records Health information is important to every person caring for a person. If pertinent information is missed or not communicated it could be deadly. The Department of Health and Human Services developed a plan to help control this issue. In 2004, federal government, under President Bush, developed a plan for caregivers to make it easier for patients to have access to their health records. The planRead MoreBenner Model3596 Words   |  15 Pagesthe care of the patient. As I see it, you cannot help a patient to heal if one he/she is not cared for, and two if he/she’s support system is not cared for. The most important thing I do as a nurse, or so I think, is when I walk into the patients room I ask them their name (to identify I have the right patient) but then I also ask the patient what he/she likes to be called so I am not offending them with a nickname or with a name like â€Å"Honey†. By doing this I make the patient feel like they areRead MoreNursing Informatics Now and in the Future1626 Words   |  7 Pagescould in the past. I want to discuss how the use of computers, electronic medical records and other electronic technologies has changed how we as health care professionals take care of our patients today and how we will be taking care of them in the future. ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD: As little as 4 years ago I was still charting my assessments on my patients on paper charts. At that time I was an emergency room nurse. I found this to be a very frustrating task for the followingRead MoreThe Nurse Patient Staffing Ratios1633 Words   |  7 PagesVisit your local Emergency Room on any given day and you are likely to witness a sort of controlled chaos: nurses, doctors, transporters, patient care technicians, and other ancillary staff members all darting about, attempting to meet the needs of increasingly sick patients in oft-overwhelmed and overpopulated hospitals. All around, various alarms sound. IV pumps signal fluid bags about to run dry. Vital sign monitors ping at differing volumes and intensities, in an electronic demand for staff to

New Heritage Doll Company Capital Budgeting - 3236 Words

New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting In mid-September of 2010/ Emily Harris, vice president of New Heritage Doll Companys production division, was weighing project proposals for the companys upcoming capital budgeting meetings in October. Two proposals stood out based on their potential to strengthen the divisions innovative product lines and drive future growth. However, due to constraints on financial and managerial resources, Harris knew it was possible that the firms capital budgeting committee would decline to approve both projects. She also knew that New Heritages licensing and retail divisions would promote compelling projects of their own. Consequently, Harris had to be prepared to recommend one of her projects over†¦show more content†¦New Heritages capital budget was set by the board of directors in consultation with top officers, who in turn sought input from each of the divisions. The capital and operating budgets were linked; historically, the capital budget comprised approximately 15% of the compa nys EBITDA. The committee had limited discretion to expand or contract the budget, according to its view of the quality of the investment opportunities, competitive dynamics, and general industry conditions. Ð . К. Ð’ Before being considered by the committee, projects were described, analyzed, and summarized in self-contained proposal documents prepared by each division. These contained business descriptions, at least five years of operating and cash flow forecasts, spending requirements by asset category, personnel requirements, calculations of standard investment metrics, and identification of key project risks and milestones. -5 Financial Analyses Financial analysis began with operating forecasts developed with oversight from New Heritage operating managers. Revenue projections were derived from forecasts of future prices and volumes. Fixed and variable costs were estimated separately, by expense category. Forecasts of working capital requirements were likewise vetted by line managers, who paid particular attention to a projects requirements for various types of inventory. Forecasts for fixed assets and related depreciationShow MoreRelatedNew Heritage Doll Company : Capital Budgeting1321 Words   |  6 PagesNew Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting The New Heritage Doll Company offered a unique line of dolls as an alternative to its competitors, and it wanted to extend its brand for future growth. The company has three operating divisions: production, retailing and licensing. All three divisions planned to promote projects of their own to compete for the same limited resources. Emily Harris, vice president of the production division, had to be prepared to select one of the two project proposalsRead MoreNew Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting3226 Words   |  13 PagesNew Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting In mid-September of 2010/ Emily Harris, vice president of New Heritage Doll Companys production division, was weighing project proposals for the companys upcoming capital budgeting meetings in October. Two proposals stood out based on their potential to strengthen the divisions innovative product lines and drive future growth. However, due to constraints on financial and managerial resources, Harris knew it was possible that the firms capital budgetingRead MoreThe New Heritage Doll Company : Capital Budgeting902 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Heritage Doll Company: Capital Budgeting Summary The New Heritage Doll Company was founded in 1985 by Ingrid Beckwith, a retired psychologist, who specialized in child development. She was also a grandmother of two young girls. Beckwith created her downline to target young girls ages 3 to 12 years old. She even had a baby doll line targeting even younger girls and â€Å"celebrity† line for teens. Her goal was to develop girl s imagination and foster positive self-image. To do this she createdRead MoreNew Heritage Doll Company Write Up1317 Words   |  6 PagesChmykhalo-Friermood Professor N. Cohen FINA 6273-Section 10 October 23, 2014 New Heritage Doll Company Write-up Introduction New Heritage Doll Company is a firm that has ventured into doll production which has sought to extend its brand in order to broaden its market framework and more importantly capitalize on high levels of customer loyalty. The vice president of the Company, Emily Harris, is to forward her project proposal to the Budgeting Committee for evaluation. The Vice-president’s objective for proposingRead MoreNew Heritage Company Essay3998 Words   |  16 PagesNEW HERITAGE DOLL COMPANY Capital Budgeting NEW HERITAGE DOLL COMPANY Capital Budgeting Brief Case Brief Case Brief Case Brief Case Brief Case Brief Case Brief Case Brief Case To: CFO (New Heritage Doll Company) From: Date: 11/16/12 RE: NEW HERITAGE DOLL COMPANY To: CFO (New Heritage Doll Company) From: Date: 11/16/12 RE: NEW HERITAGE DOLL COMPANY Here a composite report is advanced on the toy industry, New Heritage Doll Company and the evaluation ofRead MoreCapital Budgeting Is A Means By Which Companies Can Evaluate The Long Term Economic Impact On Investment Projects1490 Words   |  6 PagesCapital budgeting is a means by which companies can evaluate the long-term economic impact of proposed investment projects. It comprises both a financial and investment component. The complex nature of capital budgeting offers measurability and accountability for making financial decisions regarding which investments are worthwhile in meeting an organization’s strategic plan. Financial simulations offer the opportunity to understand the complexity of capital budgeting. The New Heritage Doll CompanyRead MoreCapital Budgeting Hbr2246 Words   |  9 PagesN F OR EG R OU ND R E A D IN G Finance: Capital Budgeting Company  and  Industry  Overview   The  New  Heritage  Doll  Company,  based  in  Sacramento,  California,  was  a  privately  held  company   with   450   employees   and   approximately   $245   million   in   fiscal   2009   revenues.   This   represented   approximately  8%  of  the  $3.1  billion  U.S.  doll  industry,  which  was  projected  to  grow  by  2%  annually   to  $3.4  billion  in  retail  sales  by  2013.  Ã‚  In  turn,  the  doll  industry  represented  a  7.4%  share  of  the  total   Read MoreDolls and New Heritage Doll3976 Words   |  16 Pagespresident of New Heritage Doll Company’s production division, was weighing project proposals for the company’s upcoming capital budgeting meetings in October. Two proposals stood out based on their potential to strengthen the division’s innovative product lines and drive future growth. However, due to constraints on financial and managerial resources, Harris knew it was possible that the firm’s capital budgeting committee would decline to approve both projects. She also knew that New Heritage’sRead MoreSimulation Methods1214 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study admin | April 3, 2013 Case Study Acting as the CEO of New Heritage Doll company and need to decide which investment projects can create values for shareholders’ wealth so that the company can receive funding in the next five years. Student’s task is to evaluate proposed projects using the financial and qualitative information provided and to select projects to be approved for a given year’s investment plan using any evaluation criteria deem appropriate. Students are to submit the simulationRead MoreNew Heritage Doll1010 Words   |  5 PagesNew Heritage Doll Company Capital Budgeting Analysis The New Heritage Doll Company is a company that makes dolls for children between the ages 3 – 12 years. The company has revenues of 245 million USD and an operating profit of 24 million USD. The company has three major divisions – The Retailing division, the Licensing division and the Production division. The head of the production division has to choose between two capital intensive projects that have been presented to her - the â€Å"Make My Doll

Class and Gender Roles in Raising Arizona Free Essays

In the film Raising Arizona, the scene where HI and Ed are sitting outside with Dot discussing the needs of Nathan Jr. is one that relates to our studies of America on Film. The concepts of Class and Gender roles are evident in this scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Class and Gender Roles in Raising Arizona or any similar topic only for you Order Now HI and Ed can be considered part of the lower-middle class. Glen and Dot are part of the upper-middle class. One of the ways that the film distinguishes between them is that Glen’s job as supervisor shows that he has a more respectable job with higher income. Also, Glen and Dot have many children that they adopted. They are able to support all those children and are actually looking for another one to adopt. This concept of Class also relates to how each couple fits into their gender roles. Prior to marrying HI, Ed had somewhat of a career as a policewoman. She was providing for herself. HI on the other hand, was constantly in and out of prison for robbing the same convenience store. After the marriage, and having obtained Nathan Jr. , they each assimilated into their perspective gender roles. HI left his life of crime behind and got a job to support the family. Ed left her job behind and became a housewife. It was important to mention this before discussing the scene at the lunch table with Dot. The way that HI and Ed fit into their gender roles, and the fact that they are in a lower class than Glen and Dot, shapes the way the conversation takes place. During this conversation, Dot is telling Ed about all the things that they must do for Nathan Jr. Every time Dot mentions something to Ed, Ed looks to HI for answers. At this point, Ed playing the role of the housewife looks to her husband, the provider and man of the house, for all the answers. Class also comes into play at this moment. HI has no clue what the woman are talking about. Since we don’t know much of HI’s past, we can only presume that since he was constantly robbing that store, he has been part of the lower class. HI has no experience in these kinds of things like flu shots and trust funds. Class is also evident here when you consider that Dot is aware of all these things. Since she is part of the upper-middle class, she has responsibilities, or at least knows how to take care of these things. So even though Dot is a housewife and Glen provides for the family, because they are part of the higher class than Ed and HI, it slightly changes the responsibilities of the gender roles. That was a scene that stuck out, at first only the way each person fit into their gender roles. Only after giving it some thought did I come to the realization that Class plays a factor on Gender roles. How to cite Class and Gender Roles in Raising Arizona, Papers

Book My Best Friend free essay sample

Book -my best friend Charles W. Eliot said Books are the quietest and most constant of friends; they are the most accessible and wisest of counselors, and the most patient of teachers. Book is the best friend, a human being can have. Book is a friend that is never disloyal. Books are our friends for life as because they never reject, never go or come, never fight and never blame us. Books make our life easy to lead as they inform us about various ways of leading life. Books are informative as well as instructive. A person is never going to feel alone in the presence of books. Therere two ways to get educated , one is to learn from experiences and the second one is to learn from books. I am going to give you an example , my mother asks me to remove a kettle of boiling milk from a stove . We will write a custom essay sample on Book My Best Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can touch the handle of the kettle with bare hand and can burn my hand. If I have read a book on science and so I know that the handle of the kettle is hot. Therefore, I will use a rag to hold the handle, which will save my hand from burning. Now we all can appreciate the significance of acquisition of knowledge from books. Books are the best collection of the experiences of our ancestors, best collections of the facts and fgures, help us to understand the nature , our past , our culture and our civilization. We need not have to wait till we get firsthand experience. Taking firsthand experience to gain knowledge is not only time onsuming, but painful, also. Books have many wonders in it and they make a person absorbed in their interesting content. The best example of being a friend of book can be seen while long Journeys when a person has nothing to do except to sit and wait for his destination. During my last vacation to Moosorise , we had sixteen hours of journey. I purchased a book on Moral Stories which I finished during this Journey. I was so absorbed in the book that I did not realize the length of Journey. The most important things is that I learnt the experiences of centuries in Just eight hours of book reading. This is what my best friend the book can give me. In fact , my books have helped me in understanding the meaning of friendship with my friends in my class and outside world. In one sentence , I can summarize about my best friend my book You know youve read a good book when you turn the last page and feel a little as if you have lost a friend. Book -My Best Friend By bhavyaganesh

Online Classes Essay Example Essay Example

Online Classes Essay Example Paper Online Classes Essay Introduction Online Classes Online Classes Essay Body Paragraphs Online Classes Online Classes Online Classes Online Classes Introduction Evolution is a continuous process in the world today. Technologies are improved by the day and industries have to keep up with these advancements. The same applies for institutions as society is in the digital age. Basic computer skills have become the benchmark of learning today as automation is taking over all sectors. Technology can now be incorporated in schools as educators feel the urge to be part of an advancing world. The use of these emerging technologies influences the way they continue to develop. This brings to light, the effect of both educational technology and technology in education. These segments seem similar but are quite different. Technology in education refers to the utilization of technological equipment in classrooms to aid in the learning process. These could be televisions, DVDs, radios and projectors, which are used to support the existing classroom set-ups. This should not be limited to the aspect of hardware, as it may give an inaccurate the idea of the theory. Educational technology refers to how technology is incorporated into the classrooms, and the repercussions or benefits it might have to the existing school curriculum. Here, the concept of online classes and the effect that it has on the current school curriculum is observed. It is implemented in the school district of Philadelphia. Over the years, the incorporation of technology has been minimal in the educational sector. The crucial question raised is whether the incorporation of online classes causes an improvement in the teaching techniques of the educator or increases the achievements of the students. There are several variables that come to play with the introduction of online classes. Some of these variables include educators understanding of the online class concept, computer literacy, curriculum content, the ability to effectively present the course online and ready access of the students to the program. These are just some of the factors that need to be considered during implementation. Literature Review Adoption of this technology is best done in phases. The adjustment to using this technology was implemented in both the students and teachers through a systematic process. There are different perspectives that could be used, but the most influential was the contemporary perspective. The conventional perspective emphasized on the teachers’ instruction technology, which as a result, limited the effective manifestation of the model. The contemporary perspective emphasizes on the students and their benefit from it. This helps in the full attainment of the benefits that come with this model as it reaches the evolution stage. The concepts of the online classes are implemented in a five-step process. The phases are familiarization, utilization, integration, reorientation and evolution. The chronological order of theses phases are extremely crucial in the effective implementation of the organizational concept. It ensures that the b enefits are fully optimized. Going contrary to this means that there will be loopholes in the system. Familiarization is done in order to expose both the educator and their students to the new technology for the first time (Hooper and Rieber, n.d). Over time, they are able to learn and become well acquainted with the technology. This phase sets the pace for the others to take place. Utilization is the second stage and involves being practical and putting the technology to practical implementation. Discovering how the online classes should operate attempts to make the students obtain a deeper understanding of the concept. After utilization, the integration stage follows. Here, the educator has a full understanding of the technology and can comfortably set up classes that can be incorporated into the school curriculum. This means that it becomes an integral part of the educator’s lifestyle and its removal renders the personnel ineffective. This is a sign that the educator has f ully adopted the new teaching technique and is ready to impart the knowledge on the students using constructivism (Yoder, 2006). In most cases, conventional adoption would have stopped at this point. The contemporary viewpoint incorporates reorientation and evolution. In this stage, emphasis is placed on the reconsiderations of the main objectives of the classroom. It entails reanalyzing the existing system and changing the old-fashioned way of thinking to embrace the new technology. This makes the students increasingly interactive, as the students are able to alert the educators on a few things they may have missed (Passey, Goodison, Great Britain., University of Lancaster. 2004). Evolution is simply the final stage that signifies the existence of an infinite technology cycle. As long as there is continued innovation, technology will slowly be absorbed in the educational system. From the incorporation of the online classes, it is clear that there exists resistance by some educator s, as they lack the willpower to adapt to the evolution of the educational system. In other cases, there was commendable adaptation to the online classes, which helped the students greatly understand the concepts as they deepened their thinking skills through the online interactions (Wenglinsky, 2006). This aided students in revision of the concepts that were initially taught. There was increased flexibility as the students did not always have to be present in a physical classroom; all they needed was access to the internet via a functioning computer and learning would continue remotely. This has a massive impact on the organizational culture of the institution. The better it is incorporated, the faster the system of online classes is fully implemented by the institution. Application Incorporating the technology has led to several improvements within the school district. The inclusion of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the school curriculums has led to reduced storage space. The use of ICT means that there is less paperwork, therefore, the large storage rooms are used for different purposes. It also meant that there was renovation of the existing classes in order to allow setting up of the equipments for the improved technology. Communication becomes fast and increasingly efficient within the premises as the use of emails is spontaneous and video conferencing makes it fast. The major disadvantage of this is the cost incurred in the implementation of the new technology. Initial cost of purchasing the equipment is high, and there is a level of job insecurity among the educators. Inclusion of the new technology would mean that if the personnel were not willing to learn, they would be easily replaced. Resistance by some of the educators would mean that their teaching might not be as effective as before. Lack of job security would lead to a divide among the teaching personnel depending on their literacy levels. There is also a reduced level of social interaction as communication can be done remotely. Application of the technology gives increased insight into the organization, as there are elements of the organization that are discovered. Such factors are the organization’s culture, structure, and values. Embracing online classes means that these elements are affected in one way or the other. For instance, the technology can be used to bypass normal protocol methods. As such, a subordinate teacher can surpass their immediate authority and deal directly with the head teacher. This is also seen in the organizational culture, as interactions may not be as frequent as they were because of remote communication by emails. Infusion of the technology had both positive and negative implications. For starters, there is an improved learning experience as the integration of the online classes help revitalize the learning process. It enhances computer literacy levels among the students and teachers as it involves researching an d preparing of presentations (Passey, Goodison, Great Britain University of Lancaster, 2004). Another positive impact is flexibility. This is advantageous to both the educator and student as a learning session can be prepared remotely by the teacher and the students will still benefit, irrespective of their location. By utilizing conferencing tools, active student-teacher interaction is still upheld. Conclusion The major problem with online classes is that it poses a risk of no learning to those who do not have self-motivation or are not under supervision. Home-schooled students, if not properly scrutinized, can easily miss the sessions and end up ignoring them altogether. There are also higher chances of distractions as the internet is a powerful tool, which possesses many distractions. These include from pop-up advertisements to online games. If one is not keen to learn, then there is a great deal of intendance during online classes than there is in the actual classroom scenario. Consequently, there could be minimal learning taking place. In retrospect, some of these distractions can be used to the benefit of the learning process. Introducing educative games into the curriculum would enhance learning skills among the students because they are both fun and educative. Another proposition is that of using simulations that will stimulate the mind and give students a visual representation, therefore, increasing participation through online blended learning programs (Edmonds and Li, 2005). It is through continual re-evaluation and revision of the online classes that there would be growth in the quest of fully embracing technology in education. References Edmonds, K., Li, Q. (2005). Teaching At-Risk Students with Technology: Teachers’ Beliefs, Experiences, and Strategies for Success. Hooper, S., Rieber, L. P. (n.d.). Teaching with technology. Retrieved from http://www.nowhereroad.com/twt/ Passey, D., Goodison, R., Great Britain., University of Lancaster. (2004). The motivational effect of ICT on pupils. Annesley, Nottingham: DfES Publications. Wenglinsky, H. â€Å"Technology and Achievement: The Bottom Line†, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development – Educational Leadership. Retrieved from http://www.hccsc.k12.in.us/technology/tip/Teachers’%20Academy/The%20Bottom%20Line .pdf Yoder, M. B. (2006). Adventures in Electronic Constructivism. Learning Leading with Technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Views of Schechner and Barba

The Views of Schechner and Barba Free Online Research Papers Both Schechner and Barba have made irrefutably great impacts upon theatre and specifically the field of theatre anthropology. They also wrote letters of correspondence frequently to one another and there is no doubt that neither’s career would be as colourful or celebrated were it not for the other’s. While these two great masters wrote vast portions of the accepted text on modern and post-modern performance, they did not come into competition nor disagreement as they worked to their own beliefs and agreed upon a great deal of theory. The approach they operated by in their lives was not identical however, and so this essay endeavours to find both the common ground and the differences in the attitudes they held and that shaped so many of their followers’ paths. The difference between performing myself acting out a dream [] and more formal â€Å"presentations of self†(see Goffman 1959)-is a difference of degree, not kind. (Schechner, 1995; p37) This statement is bold and while it may seem obvious that the distinction between theatrical performance of a past or other’s experience differs from one’s own immediate expression, this work will examine the differing views on the matter. One example of a basic notion at which the two were at odds was the very definition of performance. Schechner demonstrated that, in an airtight definition, the word ‘performance’ would have to be broad enough to cover almost anything intentionally communicated from one individual to another. Not only this, but the idea of being in a performance role was central to discovering how daily life could be seen as a conscious or unconscious expression. Schechner describes everyday life as a series of performative modes that determine our behaviour in different situations; we switch between these modes fluidly and with some overlapping. Any event, action or behaviour may be examined â€Å"as† performance [] More and more people experience their lives as a connected series of performances that often overlap: dressing up for a party, interviewing for a job,[] playing a life role such as mother or son, or a professional role such as doctor or teacher. (Schechner 2006: p49) Schechner says this to describe the positions in life that we all adopt; perhaps unconsciously when putting on a uniform and feeling more assertive or wearing a team’s colours and identifying to greater extent when they are portrayed as winners or losers, when entering a classroom as a lecturer rather than a student, when at a funeral behaving more solemnly; these are all masks we adopt to behave as we are expected to. Not only this, but the idea that in today’s world we have to switch between these roles at a faster rate implies certain attitudes towards modern technology on Schechner’s part. Certainly Schechner supports the view of respected anthropologist/sociologist, Erving Goffman in the broader definition of performance and he cites him regularly. Here is an excerpt from a psychology textbook demonstrating that Goffman is seen to have a theatrical perspective on this matter: Selves are constructed, modified and played out in interaction with other people. Since the self that one projects has consequences for how others react, people try to control the self that they present. Goffman (1959) likens this process of impression management to theatre, where people take on different roles for different audiences. (Hogg Vaughan, 2002: 138) The detailed psychological texts go so far as to wonder to what degree different situations affect behaviour. ‘Researchers have coined the term strong situation to refer to situations in which nearly all people react in similar ways.’ (Larsen Buss 2002: 302) Eugenio Barba however, describes performers as those who specifically elaborate movement into ‘extra-daily techniques’. He argues, in terms that are not entirely contradictory, that those who perform for our pleasure in the arena of Theatre Anthropology, perform something abstract and extrapolated from normal, functional movement. The way we use our bodies in daily life is substantially different from the way we use them in performance. We are not conscious of our daily techniques: we move, we sit, we carry things, [] the body’s daily techniques can be replaced by extra-daily techniques [] Performers use these extra-daily techniques. (Barba Savarese, 2006: 7) Barba makes a distinction between these techniques when he acknowledges the qualities of either technique in relation to everyday activities. He specifically points out that there is a distinction between what a performer does and what a normal uninitiated person does for the purpose of expression – Schechner’s view is somewhat counter to that; no real barriers lie between the performative and behavioural, it is just a matter of categorisation. Barba explains the virtues of such elaborate display as a commitment to the performance: Daily body techniques generally follow the principle of minimum effort,[] Extra-daily techniques are based, on the contrary, on the wasting of energy []the expression which spectators used to thank performers at the end of a performance : otsukaresama. The meaning of this expression [] is: ‘You have tired yourself out for me’. (Barba, 1995; p15-16) That a person would exaggerate a movement in any direction is obviously a departure from the practical and now takes the action into the realm of the more aesthetic. The purpose of over-performing of an action could be to make a caricature of the action as a mime would embellish his movements to combat the fact that his object is not there. Alternatively, and, as is far more often the case in Theatre Anthropology, the elaborated movements are no longer even recognisable as purposeful movements and might not even have been adapted from a daily technique but instead are rich expressions in their own right. While reproducing each variation, each dynamic of the hand in life, the positions of the hand are dictated by economy, each superfluous detail having been removed. The codification of Japanese performers’ hands does not express words but rather precise meaning [] This is the result of a process whose purpose is to retain only what is essential and can be considered as an example par excellence of the transition from daily technique to extra-daily technique. (Barba Savarese 2006: 160) Exactly what it was that was being represented by some cultures’ gestures and expressions was a matter for debate and historical analysis and even the idea of representation was not a consensus view in academic circles. Schechner was not in full agreement with Barba when it came to the purpose of representation and its use in performative situations. ‘[]what people in northern Hindi-speaking India see acted out in Ramlila, tells them how to act in their daily lives; and how they act in their daily lives affects the staging of the Ramlila. (Schechner, 1995; p37)’ This is that same examination of the anthropology of one culture set to the task, as western theatre has been, of representing reality – art imitates life, imitates art. This is a well-accepted view of theatre. The ‘precise meaning’ described above is culture-specific of course but with Barba, all is fair game for appropriation or examination. This ideology of bartering and exchange with every culture that Barba encounters is one main way in which the two practitioners differ; Schechner does not seek out whatever is called theatre in other cultures but applies a wide definition of performance to any new culture and its practices as they are encountered. Schechner also was a staunch advocate of theatre as release and exercise for the performer. []Schechner refused the idea that the performer has to represent the role and, in this sense, to embody it. ‘Rather, there is a role and the person of the performer; both role and performer are plainly perceivable by the spectator. The feelings are those of the performer as stimulated by the actions of the role at the moment of performance’ (Schechner 1973: 166) (Erika Fischer-Lichte 2005: 224) This seems to blur the lines of reality and representation and maybe contradict what Schechner advocates originally as a sociologist’s expertise, because when Turner and Fauconnier describe the idea of ‘doubleness’, on the same page is a claim that Goffman agrees with them that a performer is (at least traditionally) feigning another’s person’s actions. In the way that Schechner directs, perhaps the actors are better integrated into the role but we can see two separate models of true theatre arising here: Given cognitive blending, it is clear that all plays onstage involve spectator recognition of theatrical framing. As Erving Goffman understood, such frames implicitly separate everyday realities from realities that are meant to be understood as distinctive kinds of practices and events. (Phillips 2005: 11) Barba is adamant to state to one of the actors with whom he works, that unless your mind is committed to the representation, then the performance will fail. This half-heartedness is not necessarily a mechanical thing and the wincing expression on a performer’s face can be likened to this failure to embrace the art. One point upon which the two agree is the concept that there is some degree of commitment necessitated for the actor’s life and the performative moment to be compatible if only for that in one instance in which there are observers. I don’t believe what you are doing. Your body clearly says: ‘I have been told to do this’. Your nerves, your brain, your spine are not totally engaged [] How then can you expect the spectator to be gripped by your action? (Barba 1999: 34) There is agreement between the two practitioners on the notion of an all-embracing theatre, where the performers commit their lives to their performance. There is little distinction to be made between life and theatre when one’s life is forever directed towards theatrical expertise like the lives of Kathakali performers. In an interview with Schechner, when asked what Kazou Ohno does to relax after giving a performance, Ohno expresses his view that there is no difference now between his day-to-day life and being on stage; this is where the title of the article Kazou Ohno Doesn’t Commute comes from. (Schechner, R. Ohno, K., 1986: p169) There is no distance that Ohno must metaphorically travel in order to arrive in the state of mind in which he works; he is always there. Similarly the actors on Schechner’s Dionysus 69 are very much engaged with the emotions and treat the performance as more than a representation; ‘[] Dionysus is not a play to me. I do not act in Dionysus. Dionysus is my ritual. (Schechner 1970) (Erika Fischer-Lichte 2005: 224)’ Barba continues this thought, explaining how an actor’s mind has practised routines within it and can accept the ‘doubleness’ or ‘suspension of disbelief’ in order to enter a world which is more abstra cted and open to non-realistic interpretations of the world and action within it. Exercises are small labyrinths that the actors’ body-minds can trace and retrace in order to incorporate a paradoxical way of thinking, thereby distancing themselves from their own daily behaviour and entering the domain of the stage’s extra-daily behaviour. (Barba 1997: 128) In conclusion, two of the largest names in Performance are different enough that they do not enter into direct competition but are respectful enough that they need not disagree upon the vast amount of work accrued and accredited by one another. The comparison is further complicated by the different areas in which the two hold authority; Barba deals almost exclusively in Theatre Anthropology and Schechner has a far broader experience and expertise, concerning himself with a far more general field perhaps best, and most vaguely, described as Performance. It is Schechner’s prerogative to be concerned with something so all-entailing as his position at The Drama Review would require and so he makes a good case for his own particular outlook. In a number of open letters to Schechner, Barba would hint at their difference in taste, for instance, here is an excerpt from a letter in 1991: You would have enjoyed being here in Holstebro during these days because you like to move in that no man’s land between daily life and the organised performance situation, between performance and ritual. (Barba 1999: 148) Perhaps this quote betrays something of resentment for Schechner’s view of performance but perhaps the expression ‘no man’s land’ could be better interpreted as a recognition of bravery in uncertain territory. Bibliography Barba, E. (1997) An Amulet of Memory: The Significance of Exercises in the Actor’s Dramaturgy TDR Vol. 41, no. 4 (Winter 1997) pp127-132 Barba, E. (1999) Theatre: Solitude Craft Revolt. Suffolk, Black Mountain Press Barba, E. Savarese, N. (2006) A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of The Performer 2nd ed. New York, Routledge Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life. New York, Doubleday Anchor Hogg, M. A. Vaughan, G. M. (2002) Social Psychology 3rd ed. Gosport, Pearson Prentice Hall Christoffersen, Erik Exe. The actors way / Erik Exe Christoffersen ; translated [from the Danish] by Richard Fowler. Published by Skuespillerens vandring. English Publisher London : Routledge, 1993. Towards a poor theatre / Jerzy Grotowski ; edited by Eugenio Barba ; with a preface by Peter Brook. London : Eyre Methuen, [1976] The paper canoe : a guide to theatre anthropology / Eugenio Barba ; translated by Richard Fowler. Canoa di carta. English London : Routledge, 1995 Larsen, R. J. Buss, D. M. (2002) Personality Psychology: Domains Of Knowledge About Human Nature. New York, McGraw-Hill. Phillips, M. S. (2005) Theatre, War and Propaganda 1930-2005: Theatre Symposium Volume 14. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press Title Fifty key theatre directors / edited by Shomit Mitter and Maria Shevtsova. London : Routledge, 2005 Author Schechner, Richard. Between theater anthropology / Richard Schechner ; foreword by Victor Turner. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. The future of ritual : writings on culture and performance / Richard Schechner. London : Routledge, 1993. Performance theory / Richard Schechner. Edition Rev. and expanded ed. New York ; London : Routledge, 1988. Performance studies : an introduction / Richard Schechner. 2nd ed. New York ; London : Routledge, 2006. Land of ashes and diamonds : my apprenticeship in Poland / Eugenio Barba. followed by 26 letters from Jerzy Grotowski to Eugenio Barba. European contemporary classics theatre Aberystwyth : Black Mountain Press, c1999. Schechner, R. Ohno, K. (1986) Kazou Ohno Doesn’t Commute: An Interview TDR Vol 30, no. 2 (Winter 1986) pp163-169 Research Papers on The Views of Schechner and BarbaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XResearch Process Part OneCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind Travel

Aristotle on Moral Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Aristotle on Moral Responsibility - Essay Example A person is not morally responsible for an action if he or she does not know the possible consequences of his actions prior to the performance of that action, according to Aristotle. By such standards Aristotle tells us about the moral responsibility on a person for his or her actions. In this essay we will talk about the Aristotle’s take on moral responsibility of person for his or her actions. The voluntary acts and involuntary acts will be defined and how moral responsibility is a function of moral character will also be explained according to Aristotle. The film Dead Man Walking will also be discussed and its scenes will be analyzed keeping in mind the writings of Aristotle. Moral responsibility is defined by Aristotle to some extent through his concept of voluntary and involuntary acts. Moral responsibility can also be determined through the knowledge of consequences of the actions prior to the performance of those actions. Moral responsibility is also determined through the concept of impulsive and deliberate actions. A person is also morally responsible for inaction in certain situations therefore this is also a criteria through which moral responsibility can be determined. All these determinants of moral responsibility will be discussed in the paper. Aristotle talks about voluntary and involuntary acts. An act according to him is involuntary if a person has no control on his actions. Moral responsibility of an action does not lie on a person if he or she is forced to perform an action. An example would be that of a person who loses his cell phone and wallet to a thief at the gun point. Such actions that are not voluntary and performer of such actions cannot be held morally responsible for it. The definition of involuntary actions, by Aristotle, is very restricted and narrow. He believes that an action is only involuntary if the agent is not taking any willful part in the action himself. A person may be under force but